The True Tragic Hero In Sophocles Antigone Essays - Operas, Antigone

The True Tragic Hero in Sophocles' Antigone The True Tragic Hero in Sophocles' Antigone In Master Sophocles' Antigone, the question of who the tragic hero really is has been a subject of debate for a great number years. Creon does possess some of the qualities that constitute a tragic hero but unfortunately does not completely fit into the role. Antigone, however, possesses all the aspects of a tragic hero. These are, in no particular order, having a high social position, not being overly good or bad, being tenacious in their actions, arousing pity in the audience, a revelatory manifestation, and having a single flaw that brings about their own demise and the demise of others around them. Antigone possesses all of these traits therefore qualifying as the tragic hero. The first qualifying aspect is that Antigone is of a high social standing in Thebes. Creon himself refers to her as a princess though she is technically no longer one. Because of her high standing she is capable of great suffering, in that she has a lot of fame and regard to lose. Those who say Creon is the tragic hero state say that Antigone is no longer in a high position in the society, therefore does not qualify on that account. If the character had needed to be in a high political position this would be true, but they need only have a great deal to lose in their downfall. Although she may no longer hold political power Antigone is still a powerful figure in Thebes, since she was to be married to Creon's son Haemon and the whole city seemed to know how tragic her life had become. Antigone and Creon would qualify as the tragic hero if the only requirement was not being overly good or bad. Creon shows his negative side when he refuses to bury Polyneices and when he speaks to the sentry. His positive side is shown in his obvious affection for Antigone and Ismene, whom he has attempted to raise since their fathers death. Antigone's ungodly side is shown by her incestuous behavior with her brother Polyneices. Her positive side is shown by the way the she insists on respecting his right to be buried in the religious tradition of Greece so that his soul may live on in the afterlife. Another aspect of a tragic hero is an unwavering course of action, most likely caused by their flaw, that brings about their demise and the demise of those around them. Antigone's flaw is her rash and headstrong behavior. This is the source of the conflict in the play. Had Antigone asked Creon for permission to bury Polyneices in observance of the Greek role in religious life he would have probably allowed it. Instead, she rashly decided to take matters into her own hands, most likely because of her anger in losing the true love of her life. This aspect also emerges later in the play, when Antigone decides to kill herself in the cave rather than give Creon the satisfaction of the deed. Had she not been so imprudently hasty she would have been spared her life by Creon, who was on his way to free Antigone and have Polyneices given a proper burial. Creon does not have a tenacious nature, and therefore could not be the Aristotelian tragic hero. His ineptness as a ruler is prevalent in the way he wavers on the topic of Polyneices burial. In the beginning he seems very stubborn, which some say is one of the fatal flaws that qualify him as a tragic hero, but later changes his mind. The true tragic hero would stick to their fatal flaw, like Antigone did, until their complete demise. As far as the issue of arising pity in the audience and in other characters, it is clear that Antigone clearly wins over Creon in the arena of intensity of emotion. All of Thebes sympathizes with Antigone, especially after she has been sentenced to death. Haemon himself tells his father "And I have heard them, muttering and whispering...They say no woman has ever, so unreasonably, died so shameful a death for a generous act." It is obvious that she had the pity of the entire city except for Creon. Creon, however, is not sympathized with at all except for the chorus, which always agrees with the last point of view presented. Some readers may be inclined to side with him, but the entire city is opposed to him during the play disqualifying him as the tragic hero. Another issue that has been brought up in the

Sun Tzu Biography

Sun Tzu Biography Sun Tzu and his Art of War are studied and quoted in military strategy courses and corporate boardrooms around the world. There’s just one problem – we aren’t sure that Sun Tzu actually existed! Certainly, someone wrote a book called The Art of War several centuries before the common era. That book has a singular voice, so it is likely the work of one author and not a compilation. That author also appears to have had significant practical experience leading troops into battle. For simplicity’s sake, we will call that author Sun Tzu. (The word Tzu is a title, equivalent to sir or master, rather than a name - this is the source of some of our uncertainty.) Traditional Accounts of Sun Tzu According to traditional accounts, Sun Tzu was born in 544 BCE, during the late Spring and Autumn Period of the Zhou Dynasty (722-481 BCE). Even the two oldest known sources about Sun Tzus life differ as to his place of birth, however. Qian Sima, in the Records of the Grand Historian, claims that Sun Tzu was from the Kingdom of Wu, a coastal state that controlled the mouth of the Yangtze River during the Spring and Autumn Period. In contrast, the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lu Kingdom state that Sun Tzu was born in the State of Qi, a more northerly coastal kingdom located approximately in modern Shandong Province. From about the year 512 BCE, Sun Tzu served the Kingdom of Wu as an army general and strategist. His military successes inspired him to write The Art of War, which became popular with strategists from all seven rival kingdoms during the Warring States Period (475-221 BCE). Revised History Down through the centuries, Chinese and then also western historians have reconsidered Sima Qians dates for Sun Tzus life. Most agree that based on the specific words he uses, and the battlefield weapons such as crossbows, and the tactics he describes, The Art of War could not have been written as early as 500 BCE. In addition, army commanders during the Spring and Summer Period were generally the kings themselves or their close relatives - there were no professional generals, as Sun Tzu appears to have been, until the Warring States Period. On the other hand, Sun Tzu does not mention cavalry, which made its appearance in Chinese warfare around 320 BCE. It seems most likely, then, that The Art of War was written sometime between about 400 and 320 BCE. Sun Tzu probably was a Warring States Period general, active about one hundred or one hundred and fifty years after the dates given by Qian Sima. Sun Tzus Legacy Whoever he was, and whenever he wrote, Sun Tzu has had a profound influence on military thinkers over the past two thousand years and more. Tradition avers that the first emperor of unified China, Qin Shi Huangdi, relied on The Art of War as a strategic guide when he conquered the other warring states in 221 BCE. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 CE) in Tang China, fleeing officials brought Sun Tzus book to Japan, where it greatly influenced samurai warfare. Japans three reunifiers, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, are said to have studied the book in the late sixteenth century. More recent students of Sun Tzus strategies have included the Union officers pictured here during the American Civil War (1861-65); Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong; Ho Chi Minh, who translated the book into Vietnamese; and US Army officer cadets at West Point to this day. Sources: Lu Buwei. The Annals of Lu Buwei, trans. John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riege, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Qian Sima. The Grand Scribes Records: The Memoirs of Han China, trans. Tsai Fa Cheng, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008. Sun Tzu. The Illustrated Art of War: The Definitive English Translation, trans. Samuel B. Griffith, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Art Therapy and Childs Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art Therapy and Childs Communication - Essay Example It is known that language development starts from the very beginning of the child's life. Even newly born babies hear the sounds around them. They listen to the speech when they hear it somewhere nearby, and they can even be startled at some loud noise. At the same time they already know how to make sounds which let people know if they experience pleasure or pain. By the time the child is 6 years old he speaks fluently and is able to answer simple questions about them. But it is not always so good with all children. Those who have some physical diseases or have suffered a psychological trauma experience difficulties with expressing their thoughts and wishes. That's why art therapy and the use of creativity becomes crucial in teaching these children fluent language and free exchange of thoughts and ideas. Being creative is seeing the same thing as everybody else but thinking of something different. (Ganim, 1999). The National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (1999) describes creativity as 'imaginative activity fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value'. (NACCE, 1999) In order to define creativity in more simple way it should be said that probably creativity is combining the things which previously could not been combined. Creativity always has two so called dimensions, that is the medium through which a child expresses his thoughts and ideas, in our particular case it is drawing, and the second dimension is the content, which is carried by the medium. Creativity can be of two different types - spontaneous and multistage. The first one comes out of a sudden, the second one needs much time for generating ideas and putting them into reality. Thus, any general definition of creativity must account for the process of recognition or discovery of novel ideas and solutions. (Prentice, 2000) Examples of personal traits of individuals, who are considered to be creative, were described by Rhyammar (1999) - openness to experience, independence, and self-confidence. But there is no one single definition of creativity with which everyone could agree. Any definition must note that creativity is a process of discovery and development of new ideas. Early psychological studies of children's drawings strived to find some connection between them and the development of children's cognition. Some workers consider that there could be found some parallels between the development of child's drawing and the evolution of art through the history. On the one hand Zierer (1976) states, that there is a clear connection between the evolution of children's cognitive abilities and the evolution of art and the historical development of art was followed by the cognitive development of children. On the other hand Neboschik (1975) does not see such connection and confirms that the changes in art are the consequence of the child's which to follow the culture by which he is surrounded. One thing remains without any change: children have a very good possibility to express their feelings and thoughts through such a simple meaning as drawing. Children therapists often use such kind of art therapy in order to help children to put

Decoding the past the secrets of kabbalah Movie Review

Decoding the past the secrets of kabbalah - Movie Review Example The literal meaning of Kabbalah is â€Å"receiving.† It relates to mystical features of Rabbinic Judaism. Creator is the All-pervading power that controls everything in the world. The quality of helping others and charitable disposition paves the way for the Creator for the well-being of the individual. The movie brings to the reach of the common viewers the exclusive philosophy and religious practices of Judaism that is reserved for study by ultra-religious scholars. The scene has undergone total transformation. It is a multi-million dollars industry now, and celebrity-endorsed venture. The secrets for thousands of years have been demystified. To grasp the original teachings is still a far cry for the commoner, and one has some idea as to what Kabbalah is all about, after viewing the movie. The problem with the movie is that it presumes that the viewer has the backgrounder information about Judaism. So if you are going with the hope of watching the secrets of the mystical history of Judaism, the way the rituals are conducted and their importance, you will be disappointed. The script of the movie is based on many texts whose authenticity is doubtful. They are unable to provide tangible information and reveal the secret alphanumeric code in the Torah. Unless the viewers have the cultural knowledge of Judaism, watching the movie will not be a rewarding experience. A movie of 50 minutes duration will certainly not be able to provide complete information about the secrets of mysticisms of Judaism. The message through the movie is clear and straightforward but it is incomplete. When you are dealing with the intricacies of a profound philosophy, to learn which the rabbis take a lifetime, how justice can be made to the subject with a capsule of 50 minutes? There are many hidden meanings in the revelations of Judaism, unless the producer or the director is well- versed in them, the dialogues will not carry the intended import. It

Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) in Toyota

Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) in Toyota ABSTRACT Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) is an organization must act ethically in business and sensitively towards society, cultural economic and environmental issues. A company emphasized corporate social responsibility (CSR) not only can gain better company reputation but also gain benefits in other aspect such like save environment, brand loyalty from customer, attract or retain qualities employee and so on. The purpose we carry out this assignment is to do research study Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) for Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC). In this assignment we will argue the impacts of CER Practices to today’s business world. Next, we will identify the CER Practices of Toyota Motor Corporation had been performed by the company. Also, we will propose Toyota Motor Corporation for the CER Practices it can involve in or explore in the future. We apply the relevant knowledge that we learned in the class into this assignment. Through this, we can understand the import ant of CER better. Introduction Corporate social responsibility is a company doing voluntary activities that will bring benefit to society, economic and public. It also represented a sense of the responsibility towards the community and environment by contributing educational and social program. The goal of CSR is to encourage a positive impact to the environment which included consumers, employee, investors, communities and others. Government also has encourages those company conduct their business in a socially and environmentally responsible. The first argument of the CER is that when corporations have to contribute the environmental problem, they have a responsibility to involved in the solutions. It is important to remember that corporation act within society and that they do fulfil useful roles – employing people and producing products and services by Dunphy et al (2003) The next argument for CSR is that, corporations must be responsible for what they do, including the society’s problem such as pollution, as stated by Drea DeFoe in â€Å"Arguments For and Against Corporate Resposibility†. By this way, the corporates’ power is balanced with its responsibility. So, if a corporation acts in the favor of the society, they get to retain their corporate power. Next, Drea DeFoe suggests that voluntarily practicing CSR discourages government from imposing regulations on corporations. This act will helps corporations form being charged extra economic costs due to irresponsible acts. Furthermore, Drea DeFoe also proposes CSR can aids corporations in building up reputation while generating more profit. If a corporation always put in effort to solve societal and environmental issues, society will recognize it as a corporation which is committed to preserve the environment. However, there are also some arguments that is against CSR. Drea DeFoe mentions an argument that suggests corporations should focus on its nature, which is generating maximum profit and leave all social and environmental issues to government or non-profit organizations to solve them. Also, practicing CSR lowers a corporation’s economic efficiency and profits. Because it has to divert some of its man power and resources to solve these issues. In addition to, â€Å"the invisible costs are imposed to customers cover the spending on solving society and environmental issues†, states Drea DeFoe in her article. Moreover, Drea DeFoe also indicates that these issues may require some skills that corporation lacks to solve it. In order to solve these issues, some employees are sent to learn these skills. This may cause these employees to not be able to focus on their works. Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is a Japanese multinational automaker, with headquarters in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Toyota was started in year 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founders son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Its first vehicles were the A1 passenger car and the G1 in year 1935. The Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in year 1937. Currently, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Under Toyota Motor Corporation group, there are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu, and Hino Motors, as well as several non-automotive businesses including housing, financial services and marine. Besides that, the company also owns and operates Lexus and Scion brands and has a majority share in Daihatsu and Hino Motors, Fuji Heavy Industries, Isuzu Motors, Yamaha Motors and Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation. Toyota is known for its mass-produced hybrid cars along with few other eco-cars such as electric and fuel cell cars. It is touted as the world’s largest automobile manufacturer, largely due to its remarkable sales record. As in year 2010, the corporation had a total of 325,905 employees worldwide. The next year, it became the third-largest automobile manufacturer by production behind General Motors and Volkswagen Group. Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) Practice Analysis All corporate organizations are required to take responsibility for their acts inside and outside of its business environment because protecting the environment is becoming a crucial matter. However, apart from the environment, such acts could also involve the human resource initiatives, social welfare, and any other moral or ethical measures that the company is supposed to address so that its operations are in line with the set standards and norms (GANESCU). Toyota has practiced corporate environmental responsibility (CER) that further strides to lessen our environment impact. The initiatives on the environment are anchored on three pillars. First of the pillars concerns itself with ensuring that the company establishes a low carbon society by decreasing its water consumption and minimizing the amount of carbon gas emissions into the atmosphere while increasing the production volumes over the years. Toyota has an environmental management system that takes care of environmental affairs. Under this system, the company also formulated Toyota Earth Charter in 1992 and revised in 2000 which contains information concerning means and ways of maintain the environment. The second pillar concerns about establishing a society which is able to produce other reusable products by recycling its waste and substances which could have been thrown as waste and continue polluting the environment. Therefore, before getting rid of wastes, the company makes sure that it recycles the wastes which are capable of being recycled. In 2004, Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Inc. (TMMC) has set a goal of sending zero waste to landfill and achieved in 2006 through comprehensive reusing, reducing, recycling and composting programs (Environmental Responsibility Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Inc., nd) . As they reduced landfill waste and recycled more materials, recycling rate is increasing as there are new improvements, moving into the 80-90 percent range (McMullan, 2013). Moreover, the third pillar is about making sure that the society is established in harmony with nature and protecting the environment. The company reduces the impact of its processes of manufacturing, distribution and marketing of the same on the environment to achieve this goal (Mutemi, nd). Planet Ark’s National Tree Day is Australia’s largest community tree planting and nature care event and it is to save the world. Toyota has sponsoring and partner with Planet Ark since 2000. It is also an opportunity for them to do something and reconnect with the nature. This event is very special because it can let all Australians gather together and lend a helping hand to plant and to take care of the native trees. This event is about community, individual and the country to make positive impact for the future generation. (About national tree day, n.d.) Besides sponsoring, Toyota’s staff, dealers and brand ambassadors are encouraged to support this event. They will also join with the others to plant trees and save the world to show support. Through this event, it also can reduce the effect of global warming. â€Å"Native trees help to sustain the local environment and it can provide a cleaner and healthier future for all Australians,† said by Toyota Executive Director Sales and Marketing, Matthew Callachor. Toyota company not just caring about planting, they also attempt to manufacture vehicles which are environmentally friendly and also hybrid in the sense that they do not emit lots of harmful substances to the atmosphere. The hybrid car is produced to conserve the environment and our future. Toyota is making revolution by producing hybrid car and building more fuel-efficient vehicles, Toyota Prius, that can reduce the impact on environment. It is the world’s first mass-produced hybrid vehicle. It used an electric motor and petrol engine to reduce fuel consumption and gas emissions. Following the Prius, Camry Hybrid became the first locally-built hybrid vehicle. For example, Camry H is created to cut fuel costs and reduce the CO2 emissions. Camry H is powered by a 2.5L Hybrid Engine, it is more efficient than previous Camry Hybrid model. It is more powerful and emits lower emissions. With this hybrid car which is an â€Å"ECO† car, they can optimize the fuel usage and let the driver use battery as a replacement of fuel with the press of a special button. This Camry Hybrid car is a full Hybrid System different with the previous hybrid car. The special part is petrol engine and electric motor can power the car individually or together. It also offers superb fuel economy and ultra low emissions. (Toyota, n.d.) Conclusion In this technology and the environment era, petrol and diesel become lesser and expensive. Even the Toyota Company current practice is producing hybrid car in order to reduce fuel and diesel consumption, the air pollution also can’t obviously reduce (Guest, 2013). Therefore, we recommend that Toyota Company should produce solar vehicle. Solar vehicle is an electric vehicle that uses solar energy. Company use photovoltaic technology to produce solar vehicle. This technology use Photovoltaic (PV) cells which embedded in solar panels that able to transform the sun’s energy into electric energy (Conger.C, n.d.). Solar energy is an endless resource. It is a good substitute resource for fossil fuels. For instance, solar energy free of emission during generating electricity (Callahan.R, 2010). By using this solar energy can significantly reduce damage to the environment. Thus, the air pollution can effectively minimize in future. The company use recycling, reusable materials in producing products. Besides that, one of the issues is car a battery is not long lasting. It will create many substance and wastage towards the environment. To fix this problem, company should implement rechargeable car batteries approaches tend to reduced carbon footprint. A rechargeable car battery is one type of the electrical battery. It is consist of electrochemical cells. It can be used for the energy storage. In addition, rechargeable batteries able to help company minimize negative impact towards environment and encourage cost saving. The rechargeable fee is inexpensive and also can be reuse many times. Other than that, company can recycle that rechargeable battery which is damaged. It can help company to save the environmental resources that needed to produce a battery (Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Even the company has the plantation event, it also unable to effectively contribute to the environment. Through this event, it can save the world and reduce effect of the global warming. Furthermore, the company is suggested to be used the organic infill car tires (GeoTurf, 2015). Currently, the company is using traditional ways which is using rubber tires. Rubber tires can’t be recycle and reuse. It is difficult to disposal. Thus, it may create more rubbish to the environment. If using burning way to dispose the tires, it may serious create negative environmental impacts. Such as air pollution, lead to global warming that harmful to the people health. Throughout this strategy, company can contribute more to the environment. Last but not least, company should reduce their paper work. All the paper work should be computerized. For example, advertising their products, product order and documentation. The company use e-commerce to sell and advertise their products. Such as, the company can advertise their products through TaoBaos. It can help to minimize the usage of the paper. It avoids cutting more trees so that the extinct of tree can be prevented. References (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2015, from CSR Press Release: http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/37744-Organic-Infill-Replaces-Car-Tires-in-Turf CSR Press Release. (2015, March 9). Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/37744-Organic-Infill-Replaces-Car-Tires-in-Turf About National Tree Day. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://treeday.planetark.org/about/ Batteries. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/battery.htm Callahan, R. (2009, May 29). The Advantages of Solar Powered Vehicles. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/134597-the-advantages-solar-powered-vehicles/ Camry features. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.toyota.com.au/camry/features Conger, C. (n.d.). How can solar panels power a car? Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/vehicles/solar-cars.htm Contributor, G. (2013, June 21). 10 Companies With Eco-Conscious Production Processes. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://planetsave.com/2013/06/21/10-companies-with-eco-conscious-production-processes/ McMullan, R. (2014, September 4). Developing New Strategic Indicators for Toyota’s Waste Reduction Programs. Retrieved 3 11, 2015, from http://www.thegreentie.org/voices/developing-new-strategic-indicators-for-toyotas-waste-reduction-programs. Mutemi, M. (n.d.). CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INITIATIVES BY THE MOTOROLA AND TOYOTA COMPANIES. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.academia.edu/7746053/CORPORATE_SOCIAL_RESPONSIBILITY_INITIATIVES_BY_THE_MOTOROLA_AND_TOYOTA_COMPANIES Toyota. (n.d.). Why is National Tree Day so important to Toyota? Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.toyota.com.au/tree-day/toyotas-commitment

Cultural Images and Adolescent Behavior Essay -- Essays Papers

Cultural Images and Adolescent Behavior Teenagers seek to define themselves through their clothing, jargon, experiences, hairstyles, and, most of all, group associations. In all, this experimentation suggests that the adolescent attempts to discover himself/herself through external—rather than intrinsic—stimuli. Accordingly, images from popular culture often provide the external basis from which teenagers will benchmark their thoughts, opinions and associations. Indeed, adolescents will forge their identities largely in conformance with these pop culture images. They perceive such images as the social norm and, thus, as a means to attain the social acceptance that is so vital to their personal maturation. Furthermore, such pop cultural figures as P. Diddy, Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez create intangible brands that help establish these norms. Not only does each celebrity market tangible brands through their various products and clothing lines, but each also enjoys a social acceptance that extends well beyond the sales revenue of their name-emblazoned products. The celebrities themselves constitute, in fact, their own name brands. Indeed, they can sell magazines, capture massive audiences and have a strong fan following based solely upon their individual popularity. When people associate themselves with a particular brand or branded image, they immediately assume a new identity that is in some senses, confined to the societal viewpoints of that brand. Teenagers exemplify this phenomenon. When they wear an article of clothing that says GAP or listen to music by Eminem, they are creating a brand of themselves. But do brand images presented in popular culture really create social norms that affect how teenager... ... & Saltzman, J. & Leary, M. (2003, April). Social approval and trait self-esteem, 23-40. The Journal f Research in Psychology, 37, 2. Miller, L. (2003, August). The little book of social theories, 49 -50. Rushkoff, D. (1999). Coercion: why we listen to what they say. New York: Riverhead Books. Sewell, R. (2003, August). The pressure to be perfect. Scripps Howard News Service. Retrieved October 1, 2003 from Lexis-Nexis database. Zgourides, G. & Zgourides, C (2000). Cliffsquickreview: sociology. Foster City: IDG Books Worldwide. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Members of a group where the leader personifies the ultimate goal and the members task is to journey up the pyramid of commitment and devotion in order to move closer to the idealized but unattainable goal (Rushkoff, D., 2000).

The Fundamental of Fred

Title: The fundamental of FRED Abstract: In the teaching area of digital design for master degree, there is one brand-new assignment method has come which is FRED. FRED-Item inspires students to create their own thinking into their production. There are four parts in FRED-Item which are covered every factor that should appeared in one scholar assignment. FRED-Item contains many digital types beside common essay. Students will consider not only the topic for FRED, but also the best way that can achieve their ideas in their works. Beyond that, FRED-Item has added some features that are required in design works, such as copyright and references.Keywords: FRED, FRED-Item, Thinking, Learning, Digital Design, Student, Assignment, Reference, Keyword, Education, University Content: In modern society, computer technology is widely used by universities on the earth. With it will come many new programs and courses that student can choose, which includes the digital design. Digital design is a s unrise special field in 21st century. It is a first task that how to rightly directs students to understand and learn this special field (Keane. 2012). Based on these two backgrounds, FRED, a new educational and interactive evolution, is born. What is FRED-Item?This question may become the most asked question for everyone who was the first time to meet FRED-Items. To be specified, FRED means â€Å"Freely Relational Educational Design†(Keane, 2013, p. 1). It designed and developed within Griffith University’s master degree of digital design teaching area (Keane, 2012). Or to be more precise, FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via Q&A and/or critical analysis.Superficially, FRED-Items looks like a kind of assignment. However, the information that FRED can be provided i s more than what the words show. FRED encourages students to create their own thinking and learning production. In the following content, it will make a more detailed analysis for FRED. PART 1 As what you see from the previous content, FRED’ s part 1 contains basic information. First one is the title. The quality of title decides whether it can express author’s opinion effectively or not. In FRED-Item, title should be clean and powerful as it can direct FRED’s theme immediately.The next one is keywords. Keywords identify a document’s index entry. In keyword selection, determine what your content offer is the most important thing to do, because it can help you to facilitate your keywords faster. For example, in digital design area, keywords can be 2D/3D animation, Flash website and so on. To highlight these keywords that makes readers find your items quickly and easily. Thirdly, abstract is considered a part and parcel of FRED. An abstract, viewed as the s ummary for article, is the first part that audiences will read before the body text.It can present a high-level overview within hundreds of words. Last one is FRED-Ref. As a special group of words, FRED-Ref requires student use some course discipline words in their assignments, which is FRED-Item. And the reason to do this is to access the FRED-Reference world (Keane, 2013). PART 2 There is no doubt that the content part is the major aspect of FRED-Item. With the development of science and technology, digital design has become more and more easily to catch up and remember (Batiha & Khaldoun, 2006), so the type of FRED content is varied as well.The first of all is the oldest and traditional academic essay, and then a wide variety of derivatives appeared, such as HTML, PDF and video. HTML is short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the main way that creating web pages. Many webpages we saw from Internet are makeup by HTML makeup language (Figure 1). PDF is anther method that displays i mages and texts in one file. PDF (Figure 2) means Portable Document Format (PDF Reference, 2006, p. 33). It contains many different elements, such as image, text and video. Not only that, students can choose any media formats to express their ideas and works.In other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. Formats are not only the carrier that to show public the information, but also become an express vector that describe designers’ own worlds. Besides this, the content of FRED-Item should be related to the course with students’ critical thinking. It is hard to create a FRED-item that follows all requirements. Especially there are so many different media types that can be used. Student should consider every possible material that may contain in their FRED works, design the best object and hand up to lecturers.Of course, a good conclusion is necessary for every FRED-Item because it can display your outcomes in a logical method. Figure 1 Griffith University Webpage Figure 2 PDF example image PART 3 The third part focuses on the reference, appendix and investigation of Q&A. Student will use APA style of reference to list their bibliography. APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide, 2013, para. 1) was established in 1980s by several social scientists (About APA Style ®, 2013).In modern scholar life, many learners and writers have adapted APA style. Appendix is a list of books and other works that student used for their FRED-Items. Part 4 Furthermore, investigate via Q&A is another significant part for part 4. In this section, people will see the reflection that is according to FRED-Item. This step is crucial for the whole work of FRED as it can report students their conceptual thinking. There are lots of types that Q&A can be in, such as short answer and multiple choices. And all questions and answers demand full structures that explain the key t o the questions.Speaking for the numbers of questions, there is not an absolute request for this but all questions are needed to relate to the what kind of questions that student has set (Keane, 2013). Copyright There is still one thing that should be mentioned at here, which is copyright. When students use some works, which are belonged to other people, they should identify any valid notice or accredit in their FRED-Items. As a designer, the factors of original and creative are never be copied and encroached. Reference: Griffith University Webpage, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://www. riffith. edu. au PDF example image, n. d. [image] Retrieved from http://blogs. adobe. com/pdfdevjunkie/defaultPortfolioCoverSheet. jpg Keane, D. (2012). Freely Relational Educational Design. Retrieved from http://fredcdn. com/2013s1/7047qca/week02/readings/fred-davidkeane_2ndinternationalsem_teaching_gradstudents_2012k. pdf Keane, D. (2013). 2013s1-FRED-format-v20130225a. Retrieved from http://fre dcdn. com/2013s1/2013s1-share/2013s1-fred-format/2013s1-fred-format-v20130225a. doc Adobe Systems Incorporated. (2006), PDF Reference, Sixth edition, version 1. 23, p. 33.Retrieved from http://www. adobe. com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7. pdf Batiha, K. & Khaldoun, A. (2006). Digital art and design. Leonardo Journal of Sciences, 5(9), 1-8. APA Formatting and Style Guide. (2013). Retrieved from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ About APA Style ®. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. apastyle. org/about-apa-style. aspx Investigate via Q&A: 1. How many formats that can be used in FRED-Items? There are so many methods that can be used in FRED-Items. Formats shall include but not be limited to: HTML PDF Video TutorialIn other words, all digital files will be welcomed to create FRED-Items. 2. Which kind of reference styles that FRED accepts? APA style, which is the abbreviation of â€Å"American Psychological Association† (APA Formatting and Style Guide , 2013, para. 1) 3. How many and what parts that made up with FRED-Items? FRED is made up with four parts: Part1 contains title, FRED-Ref, keywords and abstract the basic information. Part 2 is about content. Part 3 includes references, appendix, and future investigations. And Part 4 shows audiences investigation via Q&A and/or critical analysis.